Sem I Political Theory meaning and nature

 Political theory meaning and nature

Need of political theory - due to social science being a big form, actually the problem arose in our understanding as to how to explain our favorite subject i.e. how to present the principles of our chosen subject. Under any subject, a need was felt that the principles should be divided according to the subject. To make any subject an autonomous subject, it should have the ability to guide and develop itself. For this, it is necessary that the area of the subject should be clear and definite, it should have its own beliefs and developed methods and tendencies. Apart from all this, the biggest requirement of that subject is that it should have empirical, developed and creative theory only through the use of scientific method or through introspective description or prediction of facts and subjects.

 No subject becomes an academic discipline, it should have its own well-developed theory. David Easton made a special study of the basis of theory in political science. It was he who first attracted the attention of political scientists towards the needs of political theory. The work part or role of the principle of presenting the argument and its possibilities will be conscious information political research segmented scientific and will be unable to complete the mission of political science. According to modern behaviorists, the theory is limited to mere interpretation and according to this interpretation, predictions can be made in the developed subjects when the time comes, whereas the traditional political theory has the task of planning or treatment. This also means that if civil liberty is the goal then it is necessary that there should be separation of powers and if there is a need for a state based on justice then the king should be philosophical.

 Meaning of Theory → The origin of the word Siddhanta is from the Greek word Thoria, which means the vision of understanding obtained in the state of contemplation by any focused mental vision that reveals the existence and causes of that object. To understand the meaning of theory, it is necessary that we understand the meaning of approach and the meaning of approach is as if a group on the basis of which it is decided to take questions and base material for theoretical discussion or to leave 1 for the study of any phenomenon. There can be many viewpoints. The framework of the approach is called Charan Siddhanthar. When the work of approach goes beyond the selection of problems and base material about a subject, it is amala chas i.e. theory.

 Takes the form of. According to Kohn, “This word belongs to a single bank whose possible mistake is its users and their depend on its use.” In the words of Meehan, “Theory is basically a thought device by which the facts of political life are systematized and systematized.” It brings together seemingly disparate observable phenomena and relates them systematically "

 In the end, we can say that theory is such a device with the help of which facts can be explained and predictions can be made about them. 1 In this there is grouping of rules and new hypotheses are interpretations and creation power of rules. At the same time, if we talk about modern political theory, then it is those theories which are related to the political system and explain all the facts, imaginations and generalizations related to it.

 Main streams of political theory

1 ideal theory

2 empirical theory

Divided political theory into two categories, which can be thus,

 1 Ideal Principle - Under this, national welfare systems is assumed then

 It is given a creative form Example - Plato imagined philosopher kings and then on the basis of that imagination constructed the ideal state. In this type of principles, there is no relation with concrete elements in general. 

2 Empirical theory - In this type of theory, political behaviour is formed by understanding the real elements of behavior. In this, political scientists try to collect facts from their own field. I have to This 'by going to Sh. The types of principles observed while observing behavior have a direct relation with the prevailing opinion. Live by the facts.

 Features of political theory

 political theory philosophical form

 * Unscientific form of political theory

 To understand the views on two types of questions in the nature of political theory. Why are the principles philosophical in nature? Why is the theory not accepted by scientists? As a result of this, both the subjects of our time have the right

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 It becomes important to know. Philosophical Nature of Political Theory 1e Attempts were made by political thinkers to find its reasons, as a result of which some of its reasons came to the fore. A large part of political theory has been created by political philosophers by whom political theories were created at the time 2 though These were the principles given by the philosophers, there were some practical purposes behind these principles, they were of that fate. Wrote to support the institutions or to express criticism and protest against the water bodies so that it can be known that there is a need to make changes in the prevailing R.V. institutions.

 Is spinning. From Plato to the middle of the 120th century. Siddhant K. Who has been the child of philosophers as a creator

 (ii) Unscientific nature of political theory - Science is a subject in which analysis is done, hence it is based on analysis, observation or analysis and scientific method is such a process by which an object or event is known as it is. One specialty of this method is that conclusions are drawn after investigation on the basis of facts and evidence. Findings that can be presented to others. It is clear from this discussion that most of Raja Siddhant is not scientific. Their meanings are not clear and certain. And they don't even have the ability to predict.

nature of political theory,

 To know the nature of political theory, we will need to know the nature of both traditional and modern

 (1)

 Rule

 Traditional Political Theory Shri Prakriti - → Tradition Ra. In principles, values, ideals etc. elements are given paramount place. Political theories from Plato to Ka were always propounded as a part of philosophy. His thoughts emerged from personal perspective, contemplation, imagination and spiritual principles. All the theories were derived from the beliefs of the theory maker, there was no importance of empirical facts, investigation, proof, observation etc. in front of them. These people used to give so much importance to values, beliefs etc. that for them - Ra. Theory, political philosophy and "political science" became synonymous.

 Traditionalist, Ra. The biggest drawback of thinkers is that they immersed themselves in religion and philosophy while thinking about values, morality, ideals, ultimate truth, etc. He left the solid ground and started wandering in the world of imagination.

 (11) Nature of modern political theory. • Theory, in fact, a theory based on experience and scientific methods, this theory tries to make the subject a science as far as possible.

Makes efforts. After the Second World War, the behaviorist movement and post-behaviorist movement gave rise to modern politics. An attempt has been made to give a new direction to the study of the theory. This theory has been mainly supported by Charles Merriam, David Easton, Loswell, Wabert Dahl etc.

theory in political science

importance (area)

Making politics a scientific study

"Governance system and rulers to be justified

theory observational thinking

bind tha works

understanding political behavior

to establish as an autonomous discipline

(1)

To make politics a scientific study, the main purpose of trying to bring politics into the category of science is to find out the continuities and generalizations and indicate certain or possible behaviours. When systematicity is so involved in the study of a discipline that a situation of inference of authentic, general rules arises and from those general rules we are able to study a particular situation and general predictions can be made, then that subject is called science. Can be included in the category.

(2)

Understanding political behavior is the special responsibility of political scientists to understand political processes 2). After doing scientific analysis, present generalizations regarding political behavior so that as an expert in politics, they can remain impartial and guide the political behavior for the common people, elites and politicians.

(It is)

To establish political science as an autonomous discipline → 'Political theory' is indispensable to establish political science as an autonomous discipline. Bringing integration, harmony, predictability and scientificity and other research possibilities in this subject depend on this. Discipline and autonomy are not possible in the absence of principles.

Theory works as a conceptual framework → (4) David Easton has explained the importance of theory in a conceptual framework, it guides like an indicator.

(5)

The principle plays the role of a tool in providing justification to the governance system and the rulers.

2. Study Methods: Traditional and Baseline

 study methods

 inductive or evasive

 method

 deductive method

 (i)

 Under the inductive method, the study is started from such facts, whose nature is either historical or which results are derived on the basis of the result of experiment, comparison or observation. Under this method, we move from specific facts to general principles.

 Deductive method 4 (1) Presuming general principles to be true and applying these general principles to specific situations, distant conclusions are drawn. In this method we proceed from general principles to specific facts.

 Both types of methods are used in the study of political science. The deductive method was used in the early period of study, but due to this scientific effect, the inductive method is used more in the present time.

 The main author to explain the study methods of political science. → Auguste Caté, Mill, Bluntley, Brice, Modern French scholar Daslade

राजनीतिक सिद्धांत का अर्थ और स्वरूप

राजनीतिक सिद्धांत की आवश्यकता - सामाजिक विज्ञान का एक बड़ा रूप होने के कारण, वास्तव में हमारी समझ में यह समस्या उत्पन्न हुई कि अपने प्रिय विषय की व्याख्या कैसे करें, अर्थात् अपने चुने हुए विषय के सिद्धांतों को कैसे प्रस्तुत करें। किसी भी विषय के अंतर्गत, यह आवश्यकता महसूस की गई कि सिद्धांतों को विषय के अनुसार विभाजित किया जाए। किसी भी विषय को स्वायत्त विषय बनाने के लिए, उसमें स्वयं का मार्गदर्शन और विकास करने की क्षमता होनी चाहिए। इसके लिए यह आवश्यक है कि विषय का क्षेत्र स्पष्ट और निश्चित हो, उसकी अपनी मान्यताएँ और विकसित पद्धतियाँ एवं प्रवृत्तियाँ हों। इन सबके अलावा, उस विषय की सबसे बड़ी आवश्यकता यह है कि उसमें वैज्ञानिक पद्धति के प्रयोग से या तथ्यों और विषयों के आत्मनिरीक्षणात्मक वर्णन या पूर्वानुमान के माध्यम से ही अनुभवजन्य, विकसित और रचनात्मक सिद्धांत हों।

कोई भी विषय अकादमिक अनुशासन नहीं बनता, उसका अपना एक सुविकसित सिद्धांत होना चाहिए। डेविड ईस्टन ने राजनीति विज्ञान में सिद्धांत के आधार का विशेष अध्ययन किया। उन्होंने ही सबसे पहले राजनीति विज्ञानियों का ध्यान राजनीतिक सिद्धांत की आवश्यकताओं की ओर आकर्षित किया। तर्क और उसकी संभावनाओं को प्रस्तुत करने के सिद्धांत का कार्य भाग या भूमिका सचेतन सूचना राजनीतिक अनुसंधान खंडित वैज्ञानिक होगी और राजनीति विज्ञान के मिशन को पूरा करने में असमर्थ होगी। आधुनिक व्यवहारवादियों के अनुसार, सिद्धांत केवल व्याख्या तक सीमित है और इस व्याख्या के अनुसार, समय आने पर विकसित विषयों में भविष्यवाणियाँ की जा सकती हैं, जबकि पारंपरिक राजनीतिक सिद्धांत का कार्य नियोजन या उपचार करना है। इसका यह भी अर्थ है कि यदि नागरिक स्वतंत्रता लक्ष्य है तो शक्तियों का पृथक्करण आवश्यक है और यदि न्याय पर आधारित राज्य की आवश्यकता है तो राजा दार्शनिक होना चाहिए।

सिद्धांत का अर्थ → सिद्धांत शब्द की उत्पत्ति ग्रीक शब्द थोरिया से हुई है, जिसका अर्थ है किसी भी केंद्रित मानसिक दृष्टि द्वारा चिंतन की अवस्था में प्राप्त बोध की दृष्टि जो उस वस्तु के अस्तित्व और कारणों को प्रकट करती है। सिद्धांत का अर्थ समझने के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि हम दृष्टिकोण का अर्थ समझें और दृष्टिकोण का अर्थ मानो एक समूह है जिसके आधार पर सैद्धांतिक चर्चा के लिए प्रश्न और आधार सामग्री लेने या किसी घटना के अध्ययन के लिए 1 छोड़ने का निर्णय लिया जाता है। अनेक दृष्टिकोण हो सकते हैं। उपागम के ढाँचे को चरण सिद्धांत कहते हैं। जब उपागम का कार्य किसी विषय से संबंधित समस्याओं और आधार सामग्री के चयन से आगे बढ़ जाता है, तो वह अमल चास अर्थात् सिद्धांत होता है।

का रूप ले लेता है। कोहन के अनुसार, "यह शब्द एक ऐसे बैंक का है जिसकी संभावित त्रुटि इसके उपयोगकर्ता और उसके उपयोग पर निर्भर हैं।" मीहान के शब्दों में, "सिद्धांत मूलतः एक विचार युक्ति है जिसके द्वारा राजनीतिक जीवन के तथ्यों को व्यवस्थित और क्रमबद्ध किया जाता है।" यह प्रतीत होने वाली असमान प्रेक्षणीय घटनाओं को एक साथ लाता है और उन्हें व्यवस्थित रूप से जोड़ता है।

अंततः, हम कह सकते हैं कि सिद्धांत एक ऐसा उपकरण है जिसकी सहायता से तथ्यों की व्याख्या की जा सकती है और उनके बारे में भविष्यवाणियाँ की जा सकती हैं। 1 इसमें नियमों का समूहन होता है और नई परिकल्पनाएँ नियमों की व्याख्या और सृजन शक्ति होती हैं। वहीं, यदि हम आधुनिक राजनीतिक सिद्धांत की बात करें, तो यह वे सिद्धांत हैं जो राजनीतिक व्यवस्था से संबंधित होते हैं और उससे संबंधित सभी तथ्यों, कल्पनाओं और सामान्यीकरणों की व्याख्या करते हैं।

राजनीतिक सिद्धांत की मुख्य धाराएँ

1 आदर्श सिद्धांत

2 अनुभवजन्य सिद्धांत

राजनीतिक सिद्धांत को दो श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया गया है, जो इस प्रकार हो सकते हैं,

1 आदर्श सिद्धांत - इसके अंतर्गत राष्ट्रीय कल्याणकारी व्यवस्थाएँ मानी जाती हैं, फिरइ से एक रचनात्मक रूप दिया जाता है। उदाहरण - प्लेटो ने दार्शनिक राजाओं की कल्पना की और फिर उस कल्पना के आधार पर आदर्श राज्य का निर्माण किया। इस प्रकार के सिद्धांतों का सामान्यतः ठोस तत्वों से कोई संबंध नहीं होता है।

2 अनुभवजन्य सिद्धांत - इस प्रकार के सिद्धांत में, राजनीतिक व्यवहार व्यवहार के वास्तविक तत्वों को समझकर ही इसका निर्माण होता है। इसमें राजनीतिशास्त्री अपने क्षेत्र से तथ्य एकत्रित करने का प्रयास करते हैं। मुझे श्री के पास जाकर यह करना है। व्यवहार का अवलोकन करते समय जिन सिद्धांतों का अवलोकन किया जाता है, उनका प्रचलित मत से सीधा संबंध होता है। तथ्यों के आधार पर जीवन जिएँ।

राजनीतिक सिद्धांत की विशेषताएँ